During hot backup the DML operations work normally, that is all changes are recored in the datafiles as well as the redo normally, extra redo is generated to capture the block image of the blocks that is modified during the DML operation.

On begin backup command the file header’s checkpoint SCN is advanced to the SCN captured when begin backup command is issued. This is important as the checkpoint SCN in the backup files must be the same as when the backup started.

On end backup command Logging of block images is stopped and the data file checkpoints are advanced to the database checkpoint.

HTH